Cortical Deficits are Correlated with Impaired Stereopsis in Patients with Strabismus / 神经科学通报·英文版

In this study, we explored the neural mechanism underlying impaired stereopsis and possible functional plasticity after strabismus surgery. We enrolled 18 stereo-deficient patients with intermittent exotropia before and after surgery, along with 18 healthy controls. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected when participants viewed three-dimensional stimuli. Compared with controls, preoperative patients showed hypoactivation in higher-level dorsal (visual and parietal) areas and ventral visual areas. Pre- and postoperative activation did not significantly differ in patients overall; patients with improved stereopsis showed stronger postoperative activation than preoperative activation in the right V3A and left intraparietal sulcus. Worse stereopsis and fusional control were correlated with preoperative hypoactivation, suggesting that cortical deficits along the two streams might reflect impaired stereopsis in intermittent exotropia. The correlation between improved stereopsis and activation in the right V3A after surgery indicates that functional plasticity may underlie the improvement of stereopsis. Thus, additional postoperative strategies are needed to promote functional plasticity and enhance the recovery of stereopsis.

Short-term visual performance of soft multifocal contact lenses for presbyopia / Desempenho visual de curto prazo de présbitas usando diferentes lentes de contato multifocais hidrofílicas

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity, stereopsis, and subjective visual performance of Acuvue® Oasys® for Presbyopia (AOP), Air Optix® Aqua Multifocal (AOMF), and Air Optix® Aqua Single Vision (AOSV) lenses in patients with presbyopia. Methods: A single-blinded crossover trial was conducted. Twenty patients with mild presbyopia (add ≤+1.25 D) and 22 with moderate/severe presbyopia (add ≥+1.50 D) who wore lenses bilaterally for 1 h, with a minimum overnight washout period between the use of each lens. Measurements included high- and low-contrast visual acuity (HCVA and LCVA, respectively) at a distance, contrast sensitivity (CS) at a distance, HCVA at intermediate (70 cm) and near (50 cm & 40 cm) distances, stereopsis, and subjective questionnaires regarding vision clarity, ghosting, overall vision satisfaction, and comfort. The test variables were compared among the lens types using repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: Distance variables (HCVA, LCVA, and CS) were significantly worse with multifocal lens than with AOSV lens (p≤0.008), except for AOMF lens in the mild presbyopia group in which no significant difference was observed (p>0.05). Multifocal lenses had significantly greater HCVA at 40 cm than AOSV lens (p≤0.026). AOMF lens had greater intermediate HCVA than AOP lens (p<0.03). AOP lens demonstrated greater improvements in stereopsis than AOMF and AOSV lens in the moderate/severe presbyopia group (p≤0.03). Few significant differences in subjective variables were observed, with no significant difference in the overall vision satisfaction observed between lens types (p>0.05). The proportions of patients willing to buy AOSV, AOMF, and AOP lenses were 20%, 40%, and 50%, respectively, in the mild presbyopia group and 14%, 32%, and 23%, respectively, in the moderate/severe presbyopia group; however, these differences were not statistically significant (p≥0.159). Conclusions: Further development of multifocal lenses is required before significant advantages of multifocal lenses over single vision lens are observed in patients with presbyopia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a acuidade visual, sensibilidade ao contraste, estereopsia e desempenho visual subjetivo de présbitas usando lentes de contato Acuvue Oasys para presbiopia (AOP), Air Optix Aqua Multifocal (AOMF) e Air Optix Aqua Single Vision (AOSV). Método: Foi realizado estudo mascarado simples, cruzado. Vinte pacientes com presbiopia baixa (adição ≤+1,25 D) e 22 com presbiopia média/alta (adição ≥+1,50 D) usaram cada lente bilateralmente durante 1 hora, com descanso mínimo de uma noite entre as diferentes lentes. As medições incluíram acuidade visual para distância em alto e baixo contraste (HCVA, LCVA), sensibilidade ao contraste para distância (CS), HCVA para distância intermediária (70 cm) e para perto (50 cm e 40 cm), estereopsia e questionários subjetivos sobre nitidez visual, fantasmas, satisfação visão geral e conforto. As variáveis foram comparadas entre os tipos de lentes, utilizando medidas repetidas ANOVA. Resultados: As variáveis para distância (HCVA, LCVA, CS) foram significativamente piores com as multifocais em relação a AOSV (p≤0,008), exceto para AOMF no grupo de baixa adição, que não foi significativamente diferente (p>0,05). As multifocais foram significativamente melhores do que a AOSV para HCVA em 40 cm (p≤0,026). AOMF superou AOP para HCVA intermediária (p<0,03). AOP superou AOMF e AOSV em relação à estereopsia no grupo de presbiopia médio/alto (p≤0,03). Houve poucas diferenças significativas nas variáveis subjetivas, mas a satisfação visual global não foi significativamente diferente entre as lentes (p>0,05). A disposição para comprar lentes AOSV, AOMF e AOP foi: 20%, 40%, 50%, respectivamente, no grupo de presbiopia baixa; 14%, 32%, 23% no grupo de presbiopia média/alto, mas essas diferenças não foram estatisticamente significativas (p≥0,159). Conclusões: Melhorias futuras parecem ser necessárias para produção de uma lente multifocal que forneça aos présbitas uma vantagem significativa sobre a lente de visão única.

Effect of Watching 3-Dimensional Television on Refractive Error in Children

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of watching 3-dimensional (3D) television (TV) on refractive error in children. METHODS: Sixty healthy volunteers, aged 6 to 12 years, without any ocular abnormalities other than refractive error were recruited for this study. They watched 3D TV for 50 minutes at a viewing distance of 2.8 meters. The image disparity of the 3D contents was from -1 to 1 degree. Refractive errors were measured both before and immediately after watching TV and were rechecked after a 10-minute rest period. The refractive errors before and after watching TV were compared. The amount of refractive change was also compared between myopes and controls. The refractive error of the participants who showed a myopic shift immediately after watching TV were compared across each time point to assure that the myopic shift persisted after a 10-minute rest. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 9.23 ± 1.75 years. The baseline manifest refractive error was -1.70 ± 1.79 (-5.50 to +1.25) diopters. The refractive errors immediately after watching and after a 10-minute rest were -1.75 ± 1.85 and -1.69 ± 1.80 diopters, respectively, which were not different from the baseline values. Myopic participants (34 participants), whose spherical equivalent was worse than -0.75 diopters, also did not show any significant refractive change after watching 3D TV. A myopic shift was observed in 31 participants with a mean score of 0.29 ± 0.23 diopters, which resolved after a 10-minute rest. CONCLUSIONS: Watching properly made 3D content on a 3D TV for 50 minutes with a 10-minute intermission at more than 2.8 meters of viewing distance did not affect the refractive error of children.

Comparative study of visual functions in premature pre-school children with and without retinopathy of prematurity / Estudo comparativo das funções visuais em pré-escolares nascidos prematuros com e sem retinopatia da prematuridade

Purpose: Observe whether there are differences in visual functions among premature infants with treated retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in relation to preterm infants with ROP and spontaneous regression; and among these two groups with ROP and the control group without ROP. Methods: Crosssectional observational no blind study. Premature infants were born between 06/199206/2006 and were exam between 06/200912/2010; registered in data of Hospital de Olhos Sandalla Amin Ghanem; with gestational age less than or equal to 32 weeks and 1,599 g born weigh; without ROP and ROP stages II or III, in one of the eyes, with spontaneous regression or with treatment; at least three visits during the selection period at maximum 6 months in the first exam and minimum 4 years of age in reassessment (chronological age) were include. Premature that did not respond or were not located for reassessment and those that did not have conditions to do the exams were exclude. Study's groups: G1 ROP posttreatment; G2ROP postspontaneous regression; G3 without ROP (control). Visual function evaluated with visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity test (CST), color test (CT), eye movement, stereopsis. Results: Overall, there were 24 premature infants and 48 eyes. Normal VA: 64.28% (G1), 87.5% (G2) and 100% (G3); Normal CST: 66.67% (G1), 100% (G2) and 55.56% (G3); Normal Ishihara CT: 100% (G1 and G2) and 86% (G3); Normal Farnsworth CT: 20% (G1), 75% (G2) and 50% (G3). Normal stereoacuity: 0.00% (G1); 25% (G2) and 3.5% (G3). Strabismus: 37% (G2), 0.00% (G1 and G3). The prevalent tendency for lower response in CST and CT between the premature children in group G3 and Farnsworth color test in G1 is a curious result of this work and more study is necessary about these visual functions in older premature children. Conclusion: The visual functions showed no statistically significant difference among the groups studied. .

Objetivo: Observar se há diferença nas funções visuais entre os prematuros com retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP) pós-tratamento em relação aos prematuros com retinopatia da prematuridade pós-regressão espontânea. E entre cada um destes grupos com o controle sem ROP. Métodos: Estudo transversal, observacional, não cego. Incluídas crianças prematuras nascidas entre 06/1992-06/2006 e examinadas entre 06/2009 e 12/2010; idade gestacional menor ou igual a 32 semanas e peso ao nascimento menor ou igual a 1.599 g; cadastrados no banco de dados do Hospital de Olhos Sandalla Amin Ghanem; com diagnóstico de retinopatia estágio II ou III em pelo menos um dos olhos com regressão espontânea ou por tratamento da ROP e sem retinopatia da prematuridade; mínimo de três consultas no período de seleção; máximo de seis meses de idade cronológica para o primeiro exame no HOSAG; idade cronológica mínima de quatro anos no período da reavaliação. Foram excluídas crianças prematuras que não responderam ou não foram localizados para os exames de reavaliação; e que não ofereciam condições de realização dos exames, por apresentarem comprometimento severo do sistema nervoso central ou síndromes impeditivas. Os prematuros foram divididos em três grupos: G1- prematuros com ROP pós-tratamento; G2- com ROP pós-regressão espontânea; e G3- sem ROP. Função visual avaliada por meio da acuidade visual (AV), teste de sensibilidade ao contrate (TSC), teste de cores (TC), exame de motricidade ocular e estereopsia. Resultados: Foram examinados 24 prematuros (48 olhos). No grupo G1 formado por 7 prematuros; G2, 8 prematuros e G3, 9 prematuros. AV normal: 64,28% (G1), 87,5% (G2) e 100% (G3); TSC normal: 66,67% (G1), 100% (G2) e 55,56% ...

An evaluation of estimation methods for determining addition in presbyopes / Avaliação de diferentes métodos para determinar adição em présbitas

PURPOSE: The optical correction of presbyopia must be handled individually. Our aim was to compare the methods used in addition to the refractive near vision, with the final addition used in presbyopic patients. METHODS: Eighty healthy subjects with a mean age of 49.7 years (range 40 to 60 years) were studied. Tentative near additions were determined using four different techniques: one-half amplitude accommodation with minus lenses (AAL); one-third accommodative demand with positive lens (ADL); balanced range of accommodation with minus and positive lenses (BRA) and crossed cylinder test with initial myopisation (CCT). The power of the addition was then refined to arrive at the final addition. RESULTS: The mean tentative near additions were lower than the final addition for ADL and BRA addition methods. The mean differences between tentative and final additions were low for all the tests examined (less than 0.25 D). The intervals between the 95% limits of agreement differed substantially and were always higher than ±0.50 D. CONCLUSION: All the methods used displayed similar behavior and provided a tentative addition close to the final addition. The coefficient of agreements (COA) detected suggests that every tentative addition should be adjusted according to the particular needs of the patient.

OBJETIVO: A correção óptica da presbiopia deve ser manejada individualmente. Nosso intuito é de comparar os métodos usados para calcular a adição na elaboração do grau para perto em pacientes présbitas. MÉTODOS: Oitenta pacientes com média de idade de 49,7 anos (intervalo de 40 a 60 anos) foram estudados. Adições provisórias foram determinadas usando quatro diferentes técnicas: metade da amplitude de acomodação com lentes negativas (AAL); um terço da demanda acomodativa com lentes positivas (ADL); média aritmética da acomodação usando lentes positivas e negativas (BRA); teste com o cilindro cruzado com miopização (CCT). O grau final foi refinado até chegar a graduação final da adição. RESULTADOS: A média das adições nos testes foram menores que as adições finais nos métodos ADL e BRA. As diferenças médias entre os testes e o grau final foram baixas em todos os métodos (menores que +0,25 D). Os intervalos entre os 95% dos limites da concordância diferenciaram substancialmente e foram todos maiores que ±0.50 D. CONCLUSÃO: Todos os métodos usados demonstraram comportamentos similares e forneceram resultados bem próximos da adição final. O coeficiente de concordância (COA) detectado, sugere que todos os métodos utilizados devem ser ajustados de acordo com as necessidades do paciente.

Estereopsia en pacientes operados de exotropía intermitente / Stereopsis in patients operated on from intermittent exotropia

Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo de enero de 2009 a diciembre de 2010 en el Servicio de Oftalmología Pediátrica del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer. Se estudiaron 17 pacientes, entre 5 y 10 años de edad, operados de exotropía intermitente con agudeza visual mejor corregida mayor de 0,4. Se analizaron las variables: edad en el momento de la cirugía, sexo, la desviación en dioptrías prismáticas y la visión estereoscópica cercana medida por TNO, antes de la cirugía y a los 6 meses...

Methods: a prospective descriptive study carried out from January 2009 to December 2010 at the pediatric ophthalmology service of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology. Seventeen patients aged 5 to 10 years, who had been operated on from intermittent exotropia and with best corrected visual acuity greater than 0.4, were studied. Those variables such as age at the time of surgery, sex, angle of deviation in prism diopters (PD) and near stereoscopic visual acuity measured by the TNO preoperatively and after 6 months...

Horizontal lang two-pencil test as a screening test for stereopsis and binocularity.

Purpose: To assess the horizontal Lang two-pencil test as a bedside test to detect gross stereopsis. Materials and Methods: Eighty-four strabismic subjects divided into two groups based on the amount of deviation, and 40 normal subjects were studied. Sensory status examination including binocularity and stereopsis were evaluated with Bagolini, Titmus test and the Netherlands organisation for applied scientific research (TNO), Randot, synoptophore and horizontal Lang two-pencil test. Results: The subjects in the group with smaller deviation showed better performance on all the four stereo tests and over 90% demonstrated presence of fusion. When compared to TNO and Randot for determining presence of stereopsis, the horizontal Lang two-pencil test demonstrated sensitivity of 100% and 83.9%, specificity of 77.8% and 73.7%, and negative predictive value of 100% and 100% respectively. It also showed 100% specificity as a test for binocularity when compared with the Bagolini striated glass test. Conclusion: Horizontal Lang two-pencil test, an easily performed test with a high sensitivity and negative predictive value can be used as a screening test to detect gross stereopsis and binocularity.

The Prismatic Effect on Stereoacuity in Intermittent Exotropia

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of acrylic refractive prism and Fresnel membrane prism on stereoacuity in intermittent exotropia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stereoacuities of fifty-two patients (mean age, 12.4 years; range 6 to 45 years) with intermittent exotropia were measured using the Titmus and TNO stereotests, while they wore prisms of varying power on nonfixating eye or evenly on each eye. RESULTS: Stereoacuities were significantly reduced with increasing prism power for both prisms, ranging from 8 to 25 prism dipotres. The effects on stereoacuity in single acrylic prism and single Fresnel prism were similar, whereas spilt Fresnel prisms reduced stereoacuity more than spilt acrylic prisms. Spilt prisms were found to have much less effect on stereoacuity than single prisms for both acrylic and Fresnel prisms. CONCLUSION: The use of acrylic refractive prism shared evenly on each eye would be optimal method to minimize the reduction of stereoacuity during the prismatic therapy for intermittent exotropia.

Botulinum toxin in the management of acquired motor fusion deficiency.

Acquired disruption of motor fusion is a rare condition characterized by intractable diplopia. Management of these patients is extremely difficult. Prisms in any combination or even surgery may not help relieve their symptoms. We describe a longstanding case of acquired motor fusion disruption which was managed successfully with botulinum toxin injection.

Gains beyond cosmesis: Recovery of fusion and stereopsis in adults with longstanding strabismus following successful surgical realignment.

We evaluated recovery of binocularity in 15 chronically strabismic, non-fusing (with neutralizing prisms) adults following successful surgical alignment. We included > or =12-year-olds, with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) > or =20/60, and excluded those with: anisoacuity> 2 lines-Snellen; failed realignment judged by> 10 prism diopters (PD) horizontal and> 4 PD vertical. Six-week outcomes were: fusion by Worth Four-Dots (WFDT) and Bagolini striated glasses (BSG) and stereopsis by Titmus test and the Netherlands organisation for applied scientific research (TNO) test. Baseline data in medians (range): age 18 (12-40) years, strabismus 45 (19-95) PD, duration 14 (0.5-24) years, 12 females; 12 exotropes, three esotropes; visual acuity was 20/20 in 10, while none had BCVA < 20/60. Postoperative strabismus measured 6 PD (range:0-10). By six weeks none suppressed: WFDT findings showed eight fused at distance and 13 at near; and on BSG figures were 10 and 13 respectively. Stereopsis was demonstrated by 13 on Titmus and by 10 on TNO tests. It is concluded that longstanding strabismic adults with good vision can recover fusion and stereopsis following successful squint surgery.

Perceptual filling-in of stereoscopically presented targets

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of parametric variation on the filling-in latency of stereoscopically presented stimuli. METHODS: Anaglyphs were created using two circular patches of 0.3° diameter, 0.5° disparity and 6° eccentricity from fixation point. Targets were presented at the visual field midline, 90° and 270° positions, with crossed and uncrossed disparity. The time elapsed for disappearance of the target under voluntary steady fixation was computed. Eighteen subjects tested. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between crossed and uncrossed disparities, nor between near or far from the vertical horopter line. The significant difference was between upper and lower visual field positions. CONCLUSION: The results show that: (i) stereoscopic presentation does not influence the target filling-in latency; (ii) differences between dorsal and ventral visual stream might influence target filling-in latency.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a influência da variação de parâmetros estereoscópicos na latência de preenchimento perceptual de estímulos 3D. MÉTODOS: Criados anáglifos com dois discos de 0,3° de diâmetro, 0,5° de disparidade e 6° de excentricidade do ponto central de fixação. Estímulos foram apresentados na linha central do campo visual, nas posições 90° e 270°, com disparidade cruzada e não cruzada. Registrado o tempo gasto para o preenchimento do estímulo sob fixação estável. Testados dezoito indivíduos. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa entre as disparidades cruzada e não cruzada, nem entre perto e longe da linha do horóptero vertical. Houve diferença significativa entre posição superior e inferior do campo visual. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostram que: (i) a apresentação estereoscópica não tem influência na latência de preenchimento perceptual, (ii) diferenças entre o sistema visual dorsal e ventral podem influenciar a latência de preenchimento perceptual.

Visual Function after Primary Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implantation in Pediatric Unilateral Cataract: Stereopsis and Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To investigate the association between binocular function and vision after cataract removal and primary posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC-IOL) implantation in children with unilateral cataract and to identify visual function differences according cataract type. METHODS: Clinical records of 2- to 6-year-old patients with unilateral cataract removal and primary PC-IOL implantation were reviewed retrospectively. Visual acuity and ocular alignment were measured. Sensory fusion was assessed with the Worth 4-dot test, and stereoacuity with the Titmus stereo test. Cataracts were classified according to cause, lens opacity location, age at onset, and presence of strabismus. Clinical characteristics of patients who obtained good visual function were identified. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were included. Among 22 (46.8%) with good vision (20/40 or better), only 6 (27.3%) achieved good binocular function (the presence of fusion and 100 seconds of arc or better of stereoacuity). Visual acuity was better in eyes with good binocular function (p=0.002). No other variables were significant for achieving good binocular function. CONCLUSIONS: The removal of unilateral cataract in a visually immature child can result in a combination of good visual acuity and binocular function. Good binocular function is closely related to good visual acuity.

Evaluación de estereo agudeza preescolares de 2 y 3 años de edad en las comunas de Providencia y Ñuñoa, con el Test de Estereopsis Randot Preescolar / Stereo-acuite evaluation on preschool children from 2 & 3 years old of Providencia and Ñuñoa chilean communes with Stereopsis Randot Preschool Test

El presente trabajo propone usar el Test de Estereopsis Randot Preescolar (TERP), para evaluar la Estereo Agudeza (EA) en niños de 2 y 3 años, conocer su eficiencia en la detección de las anomalías visuales y su aplicación a partir de los 2 años. Fue realizado en forma Prospectiva de tipo Exploratorio, con diseño de corte transversal. La muestra corresponde a 173 niños de 2 y 3 años, que asisten a jardines infantiles de las comunas de Providencia y Ñuñoa. Se obtuvo que 160 niños realizaron el examen. La moda para la EA a los 2 años de 100” de arco y para los 3 años de 60” y 40” de arco. De los 160 niños examinados con el TERP, 7 fallaron en el test. De estos, solo 1 no asistió a la realización de los otros exámenes para validar resultados del TERP. De los 6 que asistieron, se confirmó la alteración de la V.B. en 4 de ellos (VP) y 2 fueron encontrados normales (FP). En consecuencia, se estableció que el 96 por ciento de la muestra obtuvo una EA <200” de arco y el 51 por ciento ≦60” arco; la distribución de EA está asociada directamente con la edad del niño, a medida que aumenta en meses de edad; el 84 por ciento de los niños de 2 años y el 99 por ciento de 3 años reconocen figuras del TERP; y que este test demostró tener una eficiencia en la detección precoz de anomalías visuales del 67 por ciento y un valor FP 33 por ciento.

Avaliação da sensibilidade ao contraste e da estereopsia em pacientes com lente intra-ocular multifocal / Contrast sensitivity and stereopsis in pseudophakic patients with multifocal intraocular lens

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a sensibilidade ao contraste e a acuidade estereoscópica em pacientes pseudofácicos, que receberam implante bilateral de lente intra-ocular multifocal. MÉTODOS: Prospectivamente foram realizados testes de sensibilidade ao contraste com o uso da tabela Pelli-Robson e teste de acuidade estereoscópica com emprego do Titmus Stereo Test, em 20 pacientes com implante bilateral de lente intra-ocular multifocal Acrysof Restor®, no pós-operatório de 1 a 2 meses e sem uso de qualquer correção óptica. RESULTADOS:O teste de sensibilidade ao contraste binocular demonstrou que 6 pacientes (30 por cento) apresentaram 1,80 unid. log, 13 (65 por cento) 1,65 e 1 (5 por cento) 1,50. No teste monocular, ocorreram as seguintes respostas: 17 pacientes (85 por cento) 1,65 unid. log e 3 (15 por cento) 1,50 para o teste do olho direito. O teste do olho esquerdo mostrou que 16 pacientes (80 por cento) apresentaram 1,65 unid. log e 4 (20 por cento) 1,50. A média e o desvio-padrão da sensibilidade ao contraste testada binocularmente foi 1,69 (±0,08), ao passo que monocularmente foi 1,63 (±0,05) para OD e 1,62 (±0,06) para OE. O teste de acuidade estereoscópica revelou que 12 pacientes (60 por cento) obtiveram 40", 6 (30 por cento) 50" e 2 (10 por cento) 60", com média de 45" e desvio-padrão de ±6,88". CONCLUSAO: A lente intra-ocular empregada no estudo, proporcionou resultados de sensibilidade ao contraste e acuidade estereoscópica compatíveis e de acordo com critérios de normalidade estabelecidos anteriormente por outros estudos em grupos de pacientes fácicos e pseudofácicos, e portanto, impacto positivo na funcionalidade visual.

Change of Stereoacuity with Aging in Normal Eyes

PURPOSE: Stereopsis in normal subjects aged between 7 and 76 years was compared to examine changes in stereopsis with age. METHODS: Eighty subjects with no ocular disease were divided into 8 groups by age. Near stereopsis was evaluated with the TNO, Titmus, and Randot tests; distance stereopsis with the Mentor B-VAT II video acuity tester. RESULTS: The results of all 4 tests showed decreased stereopsis with increasing age (p< 0.05). Compared to the stereoacuity of 7 to 10-year-old group, both the TNO and distance stereopsis test results were significantly decreased for the 6th, 7th, and 8th decade groups, while both the Titmus and Randot test results were significantly decreased for the 8th decade group (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, both near and distance stereopsis decreased with increasing age. Thus, decreased stereopsis should be taken into account when performing the stereopsis test.

A Study on the Clinical Usefullness of Digitalized Random-dot Stereoacuity Test

Existing methods of stereoacuity testing need specific glasses or optical device for use. We have designed a new stereoacuity test for the digitalized, random-dot stereogram and researched its clinical usefulness. A digitalized, random-dot, stereoacuity test card was created with a computer program that used a preferred symbol and the designed system was tested along with the Randot preschool stereoacuity, Titmus-fly and Lang tests to compare their sensitivity and specificity. The mean success rate of the digitalized, random-dot test was 98.2%, while the rates of the Randot preschool stereoacuity, Titmus-fly and Lang tests were 89.3%, 74.2% and 86.1%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of the new test were 100% and 95.3%, respectively, which were not that different from those of the Randot preschool stereoacuity, Titmus-fly and Lang tests. We found that the digitalized, random-dot, stereoacuity test has a high success rate and can be appropriately used in medical examinations and follow-up tests for strabismus patients.

Respostas aos testes de estereopsia em portadores de visäo subnormal / Responses to stereoscopic tests in low vision patients

Os autores selecionaram 27 pacientes portadores de visäo subnormal, em uma faixa etária de 04 a 55 anos (média 16 anos, DP 13,75 anos), com acuidade visual (AV) entre 0,06 a 0,3. A medida da acuidade visual para longe e perto foi feita utilizando tabelas LH ou ETDRS, com correçäo da ametropia. A seguir os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliaçäo da estereopsia pelos testes de Titmus e Lang. A análise dos resultados mostrou que é possível a realizaçäo dos testes Lang e Titmus em portadores de visäo subnormal com acuidade visual de até 0,05. No teste de Titmus foi encontrada uma resposta positiva em 11 pacientes (40,74 por cento) e negativa em 16 pacientes (59,25 por cento) e no Teste de Lang houve uma resposta positiva em 7 (25,92 por cento) pacientes e negativa em 20 (74,07 por cento). Os autores discutem o uso de testes estereoscópicos em pacientes com visäo subnormal

Titmus stereoacuity norms in Saudi primary school children

Purpose This paper presents the result of Titmus stereoacuity tests conducted on Saudi male primary school children. The objective was to establish the Titmus stereoacuity norms in Saudi primary school children. Methods Visual acuity [VA] was measured at 40 cm in all the children attending two primary schools in Riyadh. The total number of subjects examined was 719 and were between the ages of 6 and 13 years. Six hundred and twenty-eight [87.3%] of the subjects had a VA of 6/9 or better monocularly and binocularly [unaided or with current glasses]. Titmus stereoacuity tests were subsequently measured in the latter group. four hundred and sixty-eight [74.5%] of the subjects had 40 arc seconds of stereoacuity. 82[13%] had 50 seconds, 38 [6%] had 60 seconds, 30 [4.8%] had 80 seconds and 10 [1.6%] had 100 seconds. The range of stereoacuity values,for the various age groups are presented. This data established that between the age of 6 to 9 years, the Titmus stereoacuity norm should be 40 to 100 arc seconds, and between the age of 10 to 13 years, the stereoacuity should be 40 to 80 arc seconds, when a child has VA of 6/9 or better

Ex-amblíopes ao vectográfico / Ex vectrographic ambliopia patients

After a treatment of amblyopia, 14 patients were followed for 10 years and considered healed according to the methods of Snellen Chart and Titmus Test. But when they were retested by the Stereoscopic Vectographic slide and Randot Test only 35 percent gave normal answers. We still have many neuro-pathological obstacles to overcome until find the ideal treatment